Your Python project structure, also known as your project layout, is the arrangement of files and directories that determines how your code gets imported, tested, and packaged. Choosing between a flat and a src/ layout depends on the type of project you’re building and the trade-offs you accept. In ...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Python and PyQt: Building a GUI Desktop Calculator. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to create a PyQt app, arrange widgets with layout managers, build main windows and dialogs, connect signals to slots, and structure a GUI calculator wi...

If you’re starting fresh with programming and wondering how to use Python, this video course will give you the foundation you need to get started with Python step by step. You’ll learn how to install Python, run your first program, and understand the language’s clear syntax. You’ll also explore vari...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Python’s len() Function. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit which objects len() accepts, how it behaves with NumPy arrays and pandas DataFrames, and how to support it in your own classes. Along the way, you’ll see why one small function can w...

Choosing between Docling and LlamaParse comes down to how you want to extract tables from a PDF in Python: on your own machine or in the cloud. Docling runs locally as an open-source library, while LlamaParse parses through an LLM-guided cloud pipeline. This tutorial builds the same table extractor ...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Docling vs LlamaParse: How to Extract PDF Tables in Python. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit why tables are hard to pull out of a PDF, how a local library and a cloud API divide up the work, and what each one hands back for tables, charts, ...

Functional programming is a programming paradigm in which the primary method of computation is the evaluation of functions. But how does Python support functional programming? In this tutorial, you’ll learn: What the functional programming paradigm entails What it means to say that functions are fir...

If you’re new to programming and considering Python, knowing what you can do with it can be motivating. Python is used in many fields, including web and desktop development, data science, artificial intelligence (AI), automation, robotics, and more. In this tutorial, you’ll explore tools, libraries,...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Continuous Integration With Python: An Introduction. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit why teams integrate small changes often, what it means to break the build, and how linting, unit tests, containers, and deployable artifacts fit together ...

A Python namespace is a mapping from names to objects. It works like a dictionary where keys are object names and values are the objects themselves. Namespaces organize variables and functions in a dedicated space, allowing you to use multiple instances of the same name without conflict, as long as ...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of How to Get a List of All Files in a Directory With Python. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how .iterdir() hands you the contents of a single directory, how glob patterns let .glob() and .rglob() filter results by name, and how .rglob() wal...

You’ve probably asked ChatGPT for a picture and watched one appear a few seconds later. The same models also sit behind OpenAI’s GPT Image API, so you can generate images from your own Python code instead of a chat window. You send a prompt, and image data comes back for your script to work with. By...

Selenium is a web automation tool that allows you to use Python to programmatically interact with dynamic, JavaScript-generated web pages. Your Python Selenium code drives a real browser that you can instruct to fill out forms, click buttons, scrape dynamically generated data, or write automated tes...

Transformers is a powerful Python library created by Hugging Face that allows you to download, manipulate, and run thousands of pretrained, open-source AI models. These models cover multiple tasks across modalities like natural language processing, computer vision, audio, and multimodal learning. Us...

How do you assemble the core pieces of a coding agent? How are developers defining projects through conversation and introspection? This week on the show, Geir Arne Hjelle returns to talk about his recent project to demonstrate how coding agents work under the hood. [ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Pyth...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Python Basics Exercises: Strings and String Methods. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to slice strings, change their case, strip whitespace, check how a string starts, chain string methods together, and format values for printing. Worki...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Generate Images in Python With OpenAI’s GPT Image API. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to install the OpenAI Python library, store your API key, generate images from text prompts with the GPT Image models, tune their size and quality, ...

Meta recently released their new personal AI agent named Meta Muse. However, behind this name isn’t just “one thing”. Meta also uses the Muse name for an upcoming pocket gadget and for the AI models that programmers use to build apps. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand which Muse is whic...

When I talk to developers in stable, more senior roles, I keep noticing the same thing: many haven’t had time to properly try AI coding tools. If you’re a junior who’s spent the last few months experimenting, you may have more hands-on AI experience than they do. The reasons have nothing to do with ...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Python, Boto3, and AWS S3: Demystified. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to connect to S3 through a client or a resource, create buckets and objects, upload files, and configure storage classes and versioning. You’ll also check how to t...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Why Junior Developers Might Know More About AI Than Seniors. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit why busy senior developers and cautious companies often lag behind on AI tools, how to compare tools and pick up new frameworks on your own projec...

Choosing the best IDE or code editor for Python means weighing your skill level, project type, and workflow in a landscape that has changed dramatically in recent years. AI-first editors have arrived, and well-established tools have added AI integrations. This guide cuts through the noise and maps e...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of The Best IDEs and Code Editors for Python (Guide). By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit what separates a code editor from an IDE, which editor features catch problems before you run your code, and how beginner-friendly tools, full-featured IDEs...

If you’re curious about web development, then you’ve likely encountered the abbreviation MVC, which stands for Model-View-Controller. You may know that it’s a common design pattern that’s fundamental to many Python web frameworks and even desktop applications. But what exactly does it mean? If you’v...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Exploring the MVC Pattern in Python. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit what models, views, and controllers are, how a user’s request travels through each of them, and how routes and templates tie the pattern together in a Flask app. Once the...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Using pandas and Python to Explore Your Dataset. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to load a CSV file into a DataFrame, select and query your data with .loc and .iloc, group and aggregate values, handle missing data, and plot your result...

Python 3.15 was supposed to be the least surprising news of the month. The feature set has been locked since May, and our preview series has been walking through it all summer. Then a handful of last-minute bugs in lazy imports forced a surprise third release candidate, and the final release moved t...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of How to Launch an HTTP Server in One Line of Python Code. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to start Python’s http.server from the command line, bind it to an address and port, and choose which directory it shares. You’ll also check your ...

Python strings are a sequence of characters used for handling textual data. You can create strings in Python using quotation marks or the str() function, which converts objects into strings. Strings in Python are immutable, meaning once you define a string, you can’t change it. By the end of this tu...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Python’s collections: A Buffet of Specialized Data Types. Python’s collections module provides specialized container data types that approach specific programming problems more clearly and more efficiently than the general purpose built-ins do. You’ll ...