Python data types are fundamental to the language, enabling you to represent various kinds of data. You use basic data types like int, float, and complex for numbers, str for text, bytes and bytearray for binary data, and bool for Boolean values. These data types form the core of most Python program...

We are so excited that you have decided to embark on the journey of learning Python! One of the most common questions we receive from our readers is “What’s the best way to learn Python?” I believe that the first step in learning any programming language is making sure that you understand how to lea...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Operator and Function Overloading in Custom Python Classes. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how Python’s data model connects built-in functions and operators to the special methods on a class. You’ll cover both the forward and reverse form...

Python 3.15 is (almost*) here! Christopher Trudeau and Bartosz Zaczyński return to discuss the new version. Bartosz coordinated the series of preview articles with members of the Real Python team and wrote the showcase tutorial, "Python 3.15: Cool New Features for You to Try." Christopher's video co...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of The Beginner’s Guide to Python Turtle. The turtle library ships with Python and hands you a virtual canvas plus an onscreen pen, so you see the result of every line of code right away. That makes it a friendly place to pick up the basics of the languag...

This collection gathers the videos that the Real Python team published on the Real Python YouTube channel, so you can watch them right here on Real Python. Each lesson contains the full video, the resources mentioned in it, and a transcript. The newest video is always at the top, and new videos are ...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Pygame: A Primer on Game Programming in Python. By working through these questions, you’ll revisit how to set up a display, draw onto a Surface, run a game loop, read keyboard input, organize your sprites into groups, detect collisions, and keep your f...

Python 3.15 is scheduled for release on October 1, 2026, as laid out in the release schedule. The final release candidate is already out, and the feature set is frozen, so now is a good time to see what the new version has in store for you. This release trims the time you spend waiting. Imports can ...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Python 3.15: Cool New Features for You to Try. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit lazy imports, unpacking in comprehensions, the new frozendict and sentinel built-ins, sharper type hints, the Tachyon sampling profiler, UTF-8 by default, the u...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Python Web Applications: Deploy Your Script as a Flask App. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit what separates a web application from a static site, how Flask connects URLs to your Python functions, how to read and escape what your users type,...

Python 3.15 is coming. The final release is planned for October 1, 2026, as laid out in the release schedule. The release candidates are already out, and the feature set is frozen, so now is a good time to see what the new version has in store for you. This release trims the time you spend waiting. ...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of What’s New in Python 3.15. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit lazy imports, unpacking in comprehensions, frozendict, the new sentinel() built-in, friendlier error messages, the new sampling profiler, and UTF-8 as the default encoding. These a...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of How to Use Python: Taking Your First Steps. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit Python’s readable syntax, keywords and variables, built-in data types, indentation and code blocks, functions, the difference between syntax errors and exceptions,...

In this quiz, you’ll revisit the core concepts covered in the LLM Application Development With Python learning path. You’ll check your understanding of connecting to LLM APIs, crafting effective prompts, working with LangChain, adding retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with embeddings and vector d...

Sometimes your code needs to pass along a signal, like “no argument was passed” or “the stream has ended,” in the same place where it normally receives data. Any ordinary value you pick for that job, even None, might also show up as real data. That’s why, in Python, you’ve probably written or seen s...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Build a Python Turtle Game: Space Invaders Clone. The turtle module ships with Python, so you can build an animated game without installing anything extra. Writing one is also a practical way to see how the pieces of any video game fit together. By wor...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Python 3.15 Preview: Sentinel Values. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit what sentinel values are, where the classic object() idiom falls short, and how Python 3.15’s built-in sentinel type gives you readable signatures, precise type hints, a...

When working with Python objects, you’ll often need to make copies rather than modify the originals. In this tutorial, you’ll explore various ways to copy objects in Python, including using the built-in copy module. You’ll also learn the key differences between shallow and deep copies, with practica...

Pipenv is a packaging tool for Python that solves some common problems associated with the typical workflow using pip, virtualenv, and the good old requirements.txt. In addition to addressing some common issues, it consolidates and simplifies the development process to a single command line tool. Th...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Enhance Your Flask Web Project With a Database. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to hide secrets in environment variables, define a database schema, connect your Flask app to SQLite, and store the posts that your users submit through a ...

Object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python helps you structure your code by grouping related data and behaviors into objects. You start by defining classes, which act as blueprints, and then create objects from them. OOP simplifies modeling real-world concepts in your programs and enables you to bu...

Python inner functions are those you define inside other functions to access nonlocal names and bundle logic with its surrounding state. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to create inner helper functions, build closures that retain state across calls, and implement decorators that modify the behavi...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of When Do You Use an Ellipsis in Python? By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how ... relates to the Ellipsis object, how to use three dots as a placeholder when you write stubs, what they mean in tuple and Callable type hints, and how they short...

How should you manage AI contributions to an open-source project? How do you measure the impact of using AI tools for development, and what generative features do end users want from a content management system? This week on the show, we speak with Thibaud Colas and Meagen Voss from Wagtail about th...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Jupyter Notebook: An Introduction. Jupyter Notebook is an open source web application that lets you create and share documents containing live code, equations, visualizations, and text. It’s a staple of data science work, and it’s just as useful for te...

When your script asks a user a basic yes-or-no question, they might type yes, Y, no!, or yeah. As a programmer, you have to guess every way they might answer, so your Python script needs to account for that. With the newly released Jev AI model, you can ease the load on your if statements and try to...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of The Terminal: First Steps and Useful Commands for Python Developers. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to find your way around the file system, create and inspect files, set up a virtual environment, install packages with pip, and take s...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of How to Get Started With Jev in Python. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to connect a Python script to Jev through OpenRouter, how to turn a Noul score into a yes or a no with cutoffs, why the wording of your instructions matters, and ho...

Choosing between Cursor and GitHub Copilot comes down to how each editor fits your Python workflow, not which one lists more features. Cursor is a standalone AI code editor, while GitHub Copilot brings AI into Visual Studio Code. You’ll build the same Markdown note manager in both and see where they...

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Cursor vs Copilot: Which AI Editor Is Better for Python? Both editors ship a similar list of features, so the interesting differences show up somewhere else. By working through these questions, you’ll revisit how each editor presents its edits, predict...